References

Question 5: Culture and Conflict in Organizational Integrity.

These works contributed significantly to the development of the Organizational Integrity approach. Arranged by importance to the topic rather than alphabetically or chronologically, they-and other works-may be secured through this site in association with Amazon.com.

Culture defined: Culture affects ethics and policy on many levels. On a global basis, Huntington maintains that the principal differences between people are cultural, and that the world is dividing along cultural lines. Hofstede presages this by finding deep, persisting cultural differences within a multinational organization with a strong organizational culture (IBM). Earley and Erez simplifies the Hofstede approach and demonstrates how it might be applied by a multinational manager. Lewis brings an understanding of the world's principal cultures to the multinational manager. Brockman points to a developing "culture" composed of those scientists who are able to communicate directly to the public as a whole.

• Hofstede, Geert. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1991.
• Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
• Earley, P. Christopher, and Miriam Erez. The Transplanted Executive: Why You Need to Understand How Workers in Other Countries See the World Differently. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997.
• Lewis, Richard D. When Cultures Collide: Managing Successfully Across Cultures. London: Nicholas Brealey, 1996.

Cultures have a history and structure:

• Solomon, Robert C. Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Cultural Matrix:

• Earley, P. Christopher, and Miriam Erez. The Transplanted Executive: Why You Need to Understand How Workers in Other Countries See the World Differently. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1997.

Systems view: Like culture, systems may likewise be viewed at multiple levels. Capra points to the system of all living things. Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars compare and contrast the cultures of capitalism as "value-systems." At the organizational level, Nadler and Tushman have been long-time proponents of the notion of organizations as "open systems" where congruence or "fit" between the components of the system is a key factor in organizational success. Senge is a principal proponent of systems thinking, which, when applied with critical and creative thinking, is a key component of the good judgment required for excellence.

Our approach here is explicitly systemic on an open systems model.

• Redding, S. Gordon. The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1990.
• Schneider, William E. The Reengineering Alternative: A Plan for Making Your Current Culture Work. New York: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1994.
• Nadler, David A., and Michael L. Tushman. "Designing Organizations That Have Good Fit: A Framework for Understanding New Architectures." In Organizational Architecture: Designs for Changing Organizations. Ed. David A. Nadler et al. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
• Nadler, David A., with Mark B. Nadler. Champions of Change: How CEOs and Their Companies Are Mastering the Skills of Radical Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
• Nadler, David A., and Michael L. Tushman. Competing By Design: The Power of Organizational Architecture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.

Culture and process:

• Funakawa, Atsushi. Transcultural Management: A New Approach for Global Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.
• Schneider, William E. The Reengineering Alternative: A Plan for Making Your Current Culture Work. New York: Irwin Professional Publishing, 1994.
• Barrett, Richard. Liberating the Corporate Soul: Building a Visionary Organization. Boston: Butterworth-Heineman, 1998.
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. (Lays out the characteristics of-and conditions for-"flow," as a theory of happiness.)
• ________. The Evolving Self: A Psychology for the Third Millennium. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993. (Understanding our evolutionary heritage in order to generate ourselves and our world.)
• Manning, Rita C. Speaking from the Heart: A Feminist Perspective on Ethics. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1992.
• Fisher, Roger, and William Ury. Getting to Yes: Negotiating Without Giving In. 2^nd. ed. Ed. Bruce Patton. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
• Sowell, Thomas. A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles. New York: William Morrow, 1987.
• Fisher, Roger, Elizabeth Kopelman, and Andrea Kupfer Schneider. Beyond Machiavelli:Tools for Coping With Conflict.